Kimwe n'uruzitiro rwa pike rwera, uruzitiro rw'icyuma rutagira umwanda - rugaragara hose mu duce twa New York hamwe na ba nyir'amazu ya Aziya yuzuye - rutera ibyiyumvo byakozwe, ariko birasa cyane.
Ku mihanda ituwe muri Flushing, Queens, na Sunset Park, Brooklyn, hafi yizindi nzu zose zifite uruzitiro rwibyuma.Ni ifeza kandi rimwe na rimwe zahabu yatunganijwe bitandukanye n’amatafari aciriritse n’amazu yubatswe na vinyl bazengurutse, nk'urunigi rwa diyama rwambarwa hejuru yera yera t-shati.
Dilip Banerjee yagize ati: "Niba ufite amafaranga y'inyongera, ugomba guhora uhitamo inzira nziza." Byamutwaye amadorari 2.800 yo kwiyongera mu nzu ye yoroheje yamagorofa abiri muri Flushing.
Kimwe n'uruzitiro rwera, rurerure ni ikimenyetso cyiswe Inzozi z'Abanyamerika, uruzitiro rw'icyuma rutagira umwanda rugaragaza imyumvire y'ubukorikori.Ariko uruzitiro rw'icyuma ntirucecetse cyangwa ngo ruhuze; iranyeganyeza uburyohe bwabayikoze, igereranwa n imitako itandukanye, harimo indabyo za lotus, ibimenyetso bya "om" hamwe na geometrike. Mu ijoro, amatara yo kumuhanda n'amatara yimodoka arakabya urumuri rwibyuma bitagira umwanda, bitabikora, kandi ntibikora .
Tomasi Campanella, umuhanga mu by'amateka ushinzwe igishushanyo mbonera cy'imijyi n'ibidukikije byubatswe mu mujyi wa kaminuza ya Cornell yagize ati: "Mu byukuri ni ikimenyetso cyerekana ukuza kw'abantu bo hagati, cyane cyane ku bataha ku nshuro yabo ya mbere." “Ibyuma bidafite ingese bifite ikintu gihagaze.”
Kuzamuka kw'uruzitiro - bikunze kugaragara mu ngo z'umuryango umwe, ariko no hafi ya resitora, amatorero, ibiro by'abaganga, n'ibindi - byagereranyaga ubwiyongere bw'Abanyamerika bo muri Aziya i New York. Umwaka ushize, ibiro bishinzwe abinjira n'abasohoka muri uyu mujyi byatangaje ko Abanyamerika bo muri Aziya na Abirwa bo mu nyanja ya pasifika ni itsinda ry’amoko ryiyongera cyane muri uyu mujyi, ahanini ryatewe n'ubwiyongere bw'abinjira n'abasohoka. Mu mwaka wa 2010, i New York hari abimukira barenga 750.000 bo muri Aziya na Pasifika, kandi muri 2019, uwo mubare wariyongereye ugera ku 845.000. Uyu mujyi wasanze kandi kimwe cya kabiri cy’abimukira babaga mu Bwamikazi. Nkuko bivugwa, Bwana Campanella avuga ko uruzitiro rw’ibyuma rutangiye guhaguruka i New York mu gihe kimwe.
Garibaldi Lind, umuturage wo muri Porto Rika umaze imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo utuye muri Sunset Park, yavuze ko uruzitiro rwatangiye gukwirakwira igihe abaturanyi be bo muri Hisipaniya bimukiye bakagurisha amazu yabo ku baguzi b'Abashinwa. ”Yerekanye umuhanda wa 51.” Hejuru, hari izindi eshatu. ”
Ariko abandi bafite amazu na bo bemeye uruzitiro. ”Mu Mudugudu wa Queens no ku musozi wa Richmond, iyo ubonye uruzitiro nk'uru, ubusanzwe ni umuryango w'Abahinde bo mu Burengerazuba,” Farida Gulmohamad.
Ntabwo abantu bose bakunda. ”Ntabwo ndi umufana. Ntabwo byanze bikunze, ariko ni ibintu bidasanzwe, birabagirana cyane, cyangwa biratangaje cyane ", ibi byavuzwe na Rafael Rafael, umufotozi wa" All Queens Residences. " Rafael Herrin-Ferri ati. "Bafite ireme ryiza. Abagabekazi bafite ibintu byinshi byoroshye, bihendutse, ariko ntibivanga cyangwa ngo byuzuze ikindi kintu cyose. ”
Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, nubwo imiterere yabyo iteye kandi irabagirana, uruzitiro rurakora kandi ruhenze kubungabunga kuruta uruzitiro rwicyuma rufite irangi ryikuramo. Amazu mashya avugururwa agurishwa ashushanyijeho ibyuma bimurika kuva kumutwe kugeza ku birenge (cyangwa kuruta, kuva kumatara kugeza kumarembo).
Priya Kandhai, umukozi ushinzwe imitungo itimukanwa wa Queens uhora atondekanya parike ya Ozone na Jamaica, yagize ati: "Abanyaziya yepfo hamwe nabanya Aziya yuburasirazuba basa nkaho bakunda ibyuma bitagira umwanda kuko bisa neza."
Yavuze ko ubwo yerekanaga abakiriya inzu n'uruzitiro rw’ibyuma ndetse no gukonjesha, bumvise ko ari iy'agaciro kandi igezweho, nka firigo ikonjesha ibyuma mu gikoni aho kuba plastiki yera.
Yavumbuwe bwa mbere mu Bwongereza mu 1913. Yatangiye kwakirwa mu Bushinwa mu myaka ya za 1980 na 1990, nk'uko byatangajwe na Tim Collins, umunyamabanga mukuru w’ishyirahamwe ry’imyuga ku isi ryitwa Stainless Steel, umuryango w’ubushakashatsi udaharanira inyungu ukorera i Buruseli.
Bwana Collins yagize ati: "Mu myaka yashize," ibyuma bitagira umwanda byumvikanye cyane nk'ibikoresho bimaze igihe bifitanye isano na byo. "Bwana Collins yagize ati. . ” Yongeyeho ko ibyuma bikozwe mu buryo bunyuranye, bigoye kubikora.
Bwana Collins yavuze ko kuba uruzitiro rw’ibyuma ruzwi cyane rushobora guterwa n '“abantu bashaka kwibuka umurage wabo ndetse no kwakira ibikoresho bafite ibyiyumvo bya none”.
Wu Wei, umwarimu wungirije mu Ishuri ry’Ubwubatsi n’Igenamigambi ry’imijyi ya kaminuza ya Nanjing, yavuze ko imishinga myinshi y’abikorera idafite ingese yashinzwe i Jiangsu na Zhejiang mu mpera za 90 ndetse no mu ntangiriro ya 2000. ”Bakoze ibintu byinshi byo mu rugo.” Madamu Wu, wibuka ibicuruzwa bya mbere bidafite ibyuma mu rugo rwe byari imboga rwimboga. Mu myaka ya za 90, ibicuruzwa by’ibyuma bidafite ingese byafatwaga nk’agaciro, ariko uyu munsi ni “ahantu hose, abantu bose barashobora kubibona, kandi rimwe na rimwe ugomba kubikoresha ubu ”.
Nk’uko Madamu Wu abitangaza ngo igishushanyo mbonera cy'uruzitiro gishobora guturuka ku muco w'Ubushinwa wo kongeramo imiterere myiza ku bintu bya buri munsi. Yavuze ko ibimenyetso byiza nk'inyuguti z'Abashinwa (nk'umugisha), crane yera igereranya kuramba, n'indabyo zigereranya indabyo zikunze kuboneka mu “nzu gakondo y'Abashinwa” .Mu bakire, ibi bishushanyo by'ikigereranyo byabaye amahitamo meza, Madamu Wu.
Abashinwa bimukira muri Amerika mu myaka yashize bazanye ubwo bucuti ku byuma bitagira umwanda. Mu gihe amaduka akora uruzitiro rw’ibyuma yatangiye kugaragara i Queens na Brooklyn, abanya New York bo mu nzego zose batangiye gushyiraho uruzitiro.
Cindy Chen, ufite imyaka 38, abimukira bo mu gisekuru cya mbere, yashyizeho amarembo y’ibyuma, inzugi n’amadirishya mu nzu yakuriye mu Bushinwa. Igihe yashakishaga inzu i New York, yari azi ko ashaka imwe irinda ibyuma bitagira umwanda.
Yakuye umutwe mu idirishya ry'icyuma cy'inzu ye yo muri etage ya Sunset Park, agira ati: “kubera ko itabora kandi bikaba byiza kuyibamo,” Abashinwa bakunda gukunda ibyuma. “Bituma inzu isa neza. kandi ni mwiza, "yagize ati:" Amazu menshi avuguruye hakurya y'umuhanda afite iki cyuma kitagira umwanda. " Uruzitiro rw'ibyuma n'abarinzi bituma yumva afite umutekano.
Bwana Banerjee, ufite imyaka 77, wimukiye i Kolkata, mu Buhinde, mu myaka ya za 70, yavuze ko yahoraga ashonje byinshi. Ati: "Ababyeyi banjye ntibigeze batwara imodoka nziza, ariko mfite Mercedes." hejuru yumuryango wambitswe ibyuma bitagira umuyonga.
Akazi ke ka mbere yari mu ruganda rwa jute mu Buhinde. Igihe yageraga bwa mbere i New York, yaguye mu nzu z’inshuti zitandukanye. Yatangiye gusaba akazi yabonye mu binyamakuru, amaherezo ahabwa akazi ko kuba injeniyeri na sosiyete.
Nyuma yo gutura mu 1998, Bwana Banerjee yaguze inzu atuyemo, kandi mu myaka yashize yavuguruye cyane buri gice cy'inzu kugira ngo ahuze n'icyerekezo cye - itapi, amadirishya, igaraje kandi birumvikana ko uruzitiro rwasimbuwe. ”Uruzitiro rurinda byose. Biragenda byiyongera mu gaciro, ”abivuga yishimye.
Hui Zhenlin, ufite imyaka 64, umaze imyaka 10 aba mu nzu ya Sunset Park, yavuze ko urugi rw’ibyuma ndetse n’umuhanda wa gari ya moshi byari bihari mbere yuko yimukira, ariko byanze bikunze byari bimwe mu byifuzo by’umutungo. ”Ibi bicuruzwa by’icyuma ni byiza cyane kuko Ati: 'reba neza.' Ntibagomba gusiga irangi nk'icyuma kandi basa neza neza.
Mu mezi abiri ashize, Zou Xiu, wimukiye mu nzu iri muri Parike ya Sunset, yavuze ko yumva yorohewe no kuba mu rugo rufite inzugi z'ibyuma. ”Ati:“ Ni byiza. ”Baruta inzugi z'ibiti kuko bo bafite umutekano kurushaho. ”
Inyuma yabyo bose bakora ibyuma. Muri kaminuza ya Flushing's College Point Boulevard, amaduka yo guhimba ibyuma bitagira umwanda hamwe n’ibyumba byo kwerekana byerekana. Imbere, abakozi barashobora kubona ibyuma bishonga kandi bigakorwa kugirango bihuze nigishushanyo mbonera, ibishashi biguruka ahantu hose, kandi inkuta zuzuye. icyitegererezo cy'umuryango.
Mu gitondo cyicyumweru muriyi mpeshyi, Chuan Li, 37, umufatanyabikorwa wa Golden Metal 1 Inc., yaganiraga n’ibiciro na bamwe mu bakiriya baje gushaka akazi ko kuzitira ibicuruzwa. Mu myaka 15 ishize, Bwana Li yimukiye. Amerika avuye i Wenzhou, mu Bushinwa, kandi amaze imyaka isaga icumi akora mu gukora ibyuma.Yize ubukorikori i New York ubwo yakoraga mu iduka ry’igikoni i Flushing.
Kuri Bwana Lee, imirimo y'ibyuma ni inzira yo kurangiza kuruta guhamagarwa. ”Mu byukuri, nta mahitamo nari mfite. Nabwirijwe kwibeshaho. Uzi ko turi Abashinwa - tujya kuva ku kazi, tujya ku kazi buri munsi ".
Avuga ko atigera ashyira uruzitiro rw'ibyuma mu rugo rwe, nubwo amara igihe kinini akora ibijyanye n'ibikoresho. ”Ntabwo nkunda na kimwe muri byo. Ibyo bintu ndabireba buri munsi, ”Bwana Lee ati:" Mu rugo rwanjye, dukoresha uruzitiro rwa plastiki gusa. "
Ariko Bwana Li yahaye umukiriya ibyo bakunda, ategura uruzitiro nyuma yo kubonana n’umukiriya, amubwira icyitegererezo bakunda. Hanyuma atangira gutobora hamwe ibikoresho fatizo, arabunama, kubisudira, arangije asiga ibicuruzwa byarangiye.Bwana . Lee yishyura amadorari 75 kuri buri kirenge.
Hao Weian, ufite imyaka 51, umufatanyabikorwa wa Xin Tengfei Stainless Steel yagize ati: "Nicyo kintu cyonyine dushobora gukora tugeze hano." Nakoraga ibi bintu mu Bushinwa. "
Bwana Ann afite umuhungu muri kaminuza, ariko yizera ko atazaragwa ubucuruzi bw'umuryango. "Ati:" Sinzamureka ngo akore hano. "Ati:" Reba - Nambara mask buri munsi. Ntabwo ari ukubera icyorezo, ni ukubera ko hano hari umukungugu n'umwotsi mwinshi. ”
Nubwo ibikoresho bishobora kuba bidashimishije cyane kubabikora, kubuhanzi bwa Flushing ukomoka muri Flushing n’umucuzi Anne Wu, uruzitiro rw’ibyuma rutagira umwanda rwatanze imbaraga nyinshi. Umwaka ushize, mu gice cyatanzwe na The Shed, ikigo cy’ubuhanzi cya Hudson Yards, Madamu Wu yakoze icyuma kinini, cyogushiraho ibyuma bidafite ibyuma. "Mubisanzwe, iyo uzengurutse umujyi, umubano wabantu nibikoresho ni ukureba, ikintu bareba hanze. Ariko nifuzaga ko iki gice gifata umwanya uhagije kugira ngo abareba bumve ko bashobora kunyuramo. ", Madamu Wu w'imyaka 30.
Ibikoresho bimaze igihe kinini bikundwa na Madamu Wu.Mu myaka 10 ishize, yitegereza aho nyina atuye i Flushing umwuzure gahoro gahoro hamwe n’ibyuma bidafite ingese, atangira gukusanya ibisigazwa by’ibikoresho yasanze mu nganda z’inganda za Flushing. Mu myaka mike ishize, mu gihe yasuye abavandimwe bo mu cyaro cya Fujian, mu Bushinwa, yashimishijwe no kubona irembo rinini ridafite ingese hagati y'inkingi ebyiri.
Madamu Wu yagize ati: "Kwiyuhagira ubwabyo ni ahantu hashimishije cyane ariko haruhije abantu bose batandukanye bahurira hamwe ahantu hamwe." imiterere. Kurwego rwibintu, ibyuma byerekana ibintu byose bikikije, kuburyo ubwoko bwivanga mubidukikije mugihe bikomeje gushira amanga no kubyutsa. wibande kuri. ”
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nyakanga-08-2022